Plumbing
Plumbing
Construction and Building Trades
Plumbers install, test, repair and maintain piping, fixtures and equipment that carry water, waste, air and fuel gas in buildings. Septic-system service is a related specialty but belongs primarily in Category 2 when the work centers on pumping, cleaning and field-system maintenance.
What You Would Do
- Interpret plumbing drawings and determine pipe routes and fixture locations
- Cut, join and support copper, steel, plastic and other piping
- Install water, drain, waste, vent and gas systems
- Set fixtures, valves, water heaters and connected equipment
- Pressure-test systems, diagnose leaks and clear or repair failed piping
The exact work depends on the employer, project and specialty.
Types of Work You Could Explore
Residential and commercial construction — Install piping, fixtures and equipment in homes and larger buildings.
Service and repair — Diagnose leaks, blockages and equipment problems in existing systems.
Medical gas — Install specially cleaned and tested piping used in healthcare facilities.
Backflow — Install and test devices that protect drinking-water systems from contamination.
Hydronic piping — Install piping that circulates heated or chilled water for building comfort.
Gas piping — Install and test piping that carries fuel gas to appliances and equipment.
Plumbing inspection — Check installations for code, safety and performance requirements.
Septic connections — Connect building drainage to septic systems where plumbing rules allow.
Septic pumping and tank service — Pump, clean and maintain onsite wastewater systems; this work is cross-listed in Category 2.
You do not have to choose a specialty before you begin. Job titles and specialty names vary among employers and training programs, and one job may include more than one type of work.
Who Might Like This Career
This career may appeal to you if you like figuring out how systems work, tracing problems and making precise repairs or installations. It can suit people who are comfortable working in different buildings, helping customers and following detailed codes.
Where You Could Work
Homes, apartments, hospitals, schools, commercial buildings, industrial sites, mechanical rooms, crawlspaces and service locations.
Work Conditions and Safety
Like many hands-on careers, this work can involve hazards. The specific risks depend on the job and work setting. Training, safe work practices and protective equipment help workers do the job safely. New workers should perform unfamiliar or hazardous tasks only with proper instruction and supervision.
Pay and Job Outlook
Median annual pay: $63,800 in May 2025 for plumbers, pipefitters and steamfitters.
These are national U.S. figures for the occupation or comparison group named above, not a promised starting salary. Pay can vary considerably by location, experience, specialty, overtime, union agreement, employer and project. People starting the career commonly earn less than experienced workers; paid training programs may increase wages as skills grow.
U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics career and pay information
Skills You Can Start Building
- Use measurement and construction math
- Read piping plans, diagrams and specifications
- Identify fittings, valves and piping materials
- Practice careful troubleshooting and leak detection
- Communicate clearly with customers and other trades
How Plumbing Is Changing
Plumbing remains highly hands-on, but tools, materials and construction methods continue to change.
Press fittings, plastic systems, sensor-based leak detection, high-efficiency equipment and water-conservation codes are expanding product and diagnostic knowledge.
Software and AI may also affect planning, estimating, scheduling, documentation, design coordination and the way workers receive instructions. The effect will vary by employer, project and specialty.
Much of the work still takes place in changing physical environments, where workers need to measure, fit, adjust, inspect, solve problems and make judgments based on actual conditions. Skilled workers remain responsible for safe execution and checking the finished work.
Education and Training
Requirements vary by employer, specialty and location. People may prepare through apprenticeship, paid employer training, career and technical education, community or technical college, a related degree, or entry-level work. The best route depends on whether this occupation normally uses apprenticeship and on what employers in your area require.
Career Pathways and Apprenticeship Availability
Typical pathway: Established apprenticeship route.
Plumber is a long-established Registered Apprenticeship occupation. Programs combine paid supervised work with code, mathematics, blueprint, safety and piping instruction. Local sponsors may combine or separate plumbing and pipefitting work.
A Registered Apprenticeship follows an approved training plan and combines paid work, supervised learning, related instruction and progressive skill development. Some employers use the word apprenticeship for paid programs that are not registered. Ask the sponsor which type it is and what credential, wage progression and job it provides.
Licenses and Certifications
Most states or localities regulate plumbing through trainee, journey-level, master or contractor licenses. Backflow, medical-gas, gas-fitting and brazing qualifications may be separate. Requirements differ by state and employer. Check them before paying for training so you know whether the program prepares you for the needed license, exam or documented work experience.
Look up licenses in your state
Career Pathways to Learn Plumbing and Gain Experience
Apprenticeship — Learn through real paid work with experienced workers who teach and guide you, supported by technical instruction and a structure for developing and measuring progress. Some apprenticeships are Registered Apprenticeships; others are not.
Entry-Level Jobs — Gain paid experience with tools, materials, safety and workplace practices through beginning work in the field.
Youth Apprenticeship — Begin developing career skills through work while continuing high-school education.
Career and Technical Education CTE — Gain hands-on knowledge through a high-school or postsecondary program related to the career.
Pre-Apprenticeship — Learn introductory skills, safety and workplace expectations while preparing for apprenticeship or employment. Verify that the program connects participants with real employers and does not charge tuition simply for possible access to an apprenticeship.
Co-op — Combine education with career-related work experience through a high school, CTE program, community college or other educational program.
Paid Work-Based Learning — Get paid to do real work for an employer while learning skills and gaining experience related to the career.
From Learning to Experienced Work
Skills develop through practice and experience. People who are new to the work usually receive more instruction and supervision. As they demonstrate skill, judgment and reliability, they take on more difficult work, greater responsibility and more independent assignments.
A common progression: Learn → Practice → Gain Experience → Build Confidence → Take on More Responsibility → Work More Independently
Experienced workers may eventually supervise work or teach and guide newer workers, trainees and apprentices.
Where This Career Can Lead
With experience, you may choose a specialty, become a lead worker or foreperson, help train newer workers, or move into estimating, inspection, safety, instruction, supervision, project management or business ownership. The realistic next step depends on the occupation, your experience, education and local licensing rules.
Questions to Ask Before You Apply
- Is this a paid job from the beginning?
- Is it a Registered Apprenticeship, an employer-run apprenticeship, another training program or a regular job with training?
- What work will I learn, and who will teach me on the job?
- How does pay increase as I gain skills?
- Who provides the classes, and can I earn college credit or an industry credential?
- What tools, transportation, physical requirements, licenses or costs should I expect?
Explore related careers
Building Inspection and Code Compliance
Explore opportunities
Search apprenticeships and programs on Apprenticeship.com
Explore Apprenticeship.com state apprenticeship guides
Learn more from official career resources